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Jorge Rafael Videla

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Jorge Rafael Videla
Official portrait, 1976
42nd President of Argentina
In office
29 March 1976 – 29 March 1981
Vice PresidentVacant
Preceded byIsabel Perón
Succeeded byRoberto Eduardo Viola
Governor of Tucumán
In office
4 August – 10 December 1970
Preceded byJorge Daniel Nanclares
Succeeded byCarlos Alfredo Imbaud
Personal details
Born(1925-08-02)2 August 1925
Mercedes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Died17 May 2013(2013-05-17) (aged 87)
Marcos Paz, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Resting placeMemorial Cemetery, Pilar, Buenos Aires
Political partyNone
Spouse
Alicia Raquel Hartridge
​
​
(m. 1948)​
Children7
EducationColegio Militar de la Nación
ProfessionMilitary
Signature
Military service
Allegiance Argentina
Branch/service Argentine Army
Years of service1944–1981
Rank (Pre-1991 epaulette) Lieutenant General
CommandsArgentine Army (1976–1981)
Battles/wars
Criminal details
Conviction(s)Crimes against humanity; illegal repression during the last military dictatorship
PenaltyLife imprisonment
TrialTrial of the Juntas
Imprisoned atMarcos Paz Prison

Jorge Rafael Videla (/vɪˈdɛlə/ vid-EL-ə; Spanish: [ˈxoɾxe rafaˈel βiˈðela]; 2 August 1925 – 17 May 2013) was an Argentine military officer and dictator who was the 42nd President of Argentina and as well as the 1st President of the National Reorganisation Process from 1976 to 1981. His rule, which was during the time of Operation Condor, was among the most infamous in Latin America during the Cold War due to its high level of human rights abuses and severe economic mismanagement.

He came to power in a coup d'état that deposed Isabel Perón. In 1985, two years after the return of a representative democratic government, he was prosecuted in the Trial of the Juntas for large-scale human rights abuses and crimes against humanity under his rule including the widespread abduction, torture and murder of activists and political opponents along with their families at secret concentration camps. An estimated 13,000[1] to 30,000[2] political dissidents vanished during this period. Videla was also convicted of the theft of many babies born during the captivity of their mothers at the illegal detention centres and passing them on for illegal adoption by associates of the regime. Videla maintained the female guerrilla detainees allowed themselves to become pregnant in the belief they would not be tortured or executed.[3] Videla remained under house arrest until 10 October 2008, when he was sent to a military prison.[4]

On 5 July 2010, Videla took full responsibility for his army's actions during his rule.[5] Following a new trial, on 22 December 2010, Videla was sentenced to life in a civilian prison for the deaths of 31 prisoners following his coup.[6][7] On 5 July 2012, Videla was sentenced to 50 years in civilian prison for the systematic kidnapping of children during his tenure.[8] The following year, Videla died in the Marcos Paz civilian prison five days after suffering a fall in a shower.[9]

Early life and family

[edit]

Jorge Rafael Videla was born on 2 August 1925 in the city of Mercedes. He was the third of five sons born to Colonel Rafael Eugenio Videla Bengolea (1888–1951) and María Olga Redondo Ojea (1897–1987) and was christened in honor of his two older twin brothers, who had died of measles in 1923. Videla's family was a prominent one in San Luis Province, and many of his ancestors had held high public offices. His grandfather Jacinto had been governor of San Luis between 1891 and 1893, and his great-great-grandfather Blas Videla had fought in the Spanish American wars of independence and had later been a leader of the Unitarian Party in San Luis.[10]

On 7 April 1948, Videla married Alicia Raquel Hartridge (28 September 1927 – 5 November 2021[11]) daughter of Samuel Alejandro Hartridge Parkes (1891–1969), an English Argentine professor of physics and Argentine ambassador to Turkey, and María Isabel Lacoste Álvarez (1893–1939).[12] They had seven children: María Cristina (1949), Jorge Horacio (1950), Alejandro Eugenio (1951–1971), María Isabel (1954), Pedro Ignacio (1956), Fernando Gabriel (1961) and Rafael Patricio (1963). Two sons (Rafael Patricio and Fernando Gabriel) joined the Argentine Army.[10]

Army career

[edit]

Videla joined the National Military College (Colegio Militar de la Nación) on 3 March 1942 and graduated on 21 December 1944 with the rank of second lieutenant. After steady promotion as a junior officer in the infantry, he attended the War College between 1952 and 1954 and graduated as a qualified staff officer. Videla served at the Ministry of Defence from 1958 to 1960 and thereafter he directed the Military Academy until 1962. In 1971, he was promoted to brigade general and appointed by Alejandro Agustin Lanusse as Director of the National Military College. In late 1973 the head of the Army, Leandro Anaya, appointed Videla as the Chief of Staff of the Army. During July and August 1975, Videla was the Head of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Estado Mayor Conjunto) of the Argentine Armed Forces.[13] In August 1975, the President, Isabel Perón, appointed Videla to the Army's senior position, the General Commander of the Army.

Rank Date of promotion
Second Lieutenant 22 December 1944
Lieutenant 15 June 1947
First Lieutenant 3 November 1949
Captain 1 March 1952
Major 18 July 1958
Lieutenant Colonel 28 December 1961
Colonel 17 January 1966
Brigade General 23 November 1971
Lieutenant General 20 October 1975[14]

Coup d'état

[edit]
Main article: 1976 Argentine coup d'état
Lieutenant General Jorge Rafael Videla swearing the Oath as President of Argentina, 29 March 1976.

Upon the death of President Juan Perón, his widow and Vice President Isabel became president. Videla headed a military coup which deposed her on 24 March 1976, during increasing violence, social unrest and economic problems. A military junta was formed, made up of him, representing the Army; Admiral Emilio Massera representing the Navy; and Brigadier General Orlando Ramón Agosti representing the Air Force.[15]

Presidency

[edit]

Two days after the coup, Videla formally assumed the post of President of Argentina.

Human rights violations

[edit]
Main article: Dirty War
Operation Condor
Background histories
Events
Government leaders
Targeted militias
Principal operatives
Organizations responsible
Locations
Laws
Archives and reports
Reactions

A terrorist is not just someone with a gun or a bomb, but also someone who spreads ideas that are contrary to Western and Christian civilization.

— Jorge Rafael Videla[16]
Lieutenant General Jorge Rafael Videla at a military parade in Buenos Aires, 1978.

The military junta is remembered for the forced disappearances of large numbers of students. The military junta took power during a period of terrorist attacks from the Marxist groups ERP, the Montoneros, FAL, FAR and FAP, who had gone underground after Juan Perón's death in July 1974, and violent right-wing kidnappings, tortures and assassinations from the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance, led by José López Rega, Perón's Minister of Social Welfare, and other death squads. The Baltimore Sun reported at the beginning of 1976 that,

In the jungle-covered mountains of Tucuman, long known as 'Argentina's garden', Argentines are fighting Argentines in a Vietnam-style civil war. So far, the outcome is in doubt. But there is no doubt about the seriousness of the combat, which involves 2,000 or so leftist guerrillas and perhaps as many as 10,000 soldiers.[17]

In late 1974 the ERP set up a rural front in Tucumán province and the Argentine Army deployed the 5th Mountain Brigade of the 2nd Army Division in counterinsurgency operations in the province. In early 1976 the mountain brigade was reinforced in the form of the 4th Airborne Brigade that had until then been withheld guarding strategic points in the city of Córdoba against ERP guerrillas and militants.[18]

The members of the junta took advantage of the guerrilla threat to authorize the coup and naming the period in government as the "National Reorganization Process". In all, 293 servicemen and policemen were killed in left-wing terrorist incidents in 1975 and 1976.[19] Videla narrowly escaped three assassination attempts by the Montoneros and ERP between February 1976 and April 1977.[20]

Justice Minister Ricardo Gil Lavedra, who formed part of the 1985 tribunal judging the military crimes committed during the Dirty War, later declared, "I sincerely believe that the majority of the victims of the illegal repression were guerrilla militants".[21] Some 10,000 of the disappeared were guerrillas of the Montoneros, and the People's Revolutionary Army.[22][23][24] However, the campaign of repression actually intensified after the guerrillas were defeated and it was during this time, when they targeted the church, labor unions, artists, intellectuals and university students and professors, that the junta accumulated the greatest number of victims.[25]

According to human right groups, an estimated 15,000 to 30,000[26] Argentines "disappeared" while in the custody of the police or the military.[26] Among the victims were two French nuns (Alice Domon and Léonie Duquet) who had taught and cared for Videla's disabled son, Alejandro.[27] Some 1,500 to 4,000 were drugged into a stupor, loaded into military aircraft, stripped naked and then thrown into the Rio de la Plata and Atlantic Ocean to drown in what became known as "death flights."[28][29][30][31] Between 10,000 and 12,000[32] of the "disappeared," PEN (Poder Ejecutivo Nacional) detainees held in clandestine detention camps throughout the dictatorship, were eventually released under diplomatic pressure.[33] Terence Roehrig estimates that of the disappeared "at least 10,000 were involved in various ways with the guerrillas".[34]

In the book Disposición Final by Argentine journalist Ceferino Reato, Videla confirms for the first time that between 1976 and 1983, 8,000 Argentines have been murdered by his regime. The bodies were hidden or destroyed to prevent protests at home and abroad.[35] Videla also maintained that female guerrilla detainees allowed themselves to become pregnant in the belief they would not be tortured or executed, but they were. The children whom they bore in prison were taken from them, illegally adopted by military families of the regime, and their identities were hidden for decades.[3]

According to human rights organisations in Argentina, between 1,900 and 3,000 Jews were among the 30,000 who were targeted by the Argentine military junta.[36] It is a disproportionate number, as Jews comprised between 5–12% of those targeted but only 1% of the population. Historian Daniel Muchnik attributed this to many Jews gravitating to political activism and armed resistance groups such as the ERP and FAP during the period. However, testimonies from Jewish Argentines suggest that they were targeted for being Jewish. Many torture victims were said to have seen pictures of Adolf Hitler and swastikas on walls of torture chambers and interrogators uttering anti-Semitic epithets. Jews were also known to have suffered anti-Semitic harassment while in the Argentine military. Between 200 and 300 Jews were subject to attacks, often by their superiors.[37][38]

Some 11,000 Argentines have applied for and received up to US$200,000 as monetary compensation from the state for the loss of loved ones during the military dictatorship.[39] The Asamblea por los Derechos Humanos (APDH or Assembly for Human Rights) believes that 12,261 people were killed or disappeared during the "National Reorganization Process".[40] Politically, all legislative power was concentrated in the hands of Videla's nine-man junta, and every important position in the national government was filled with loyal military officers.

Economic policy

[edit]
Argentine dictator Jorge Rafael Videla at the opening of 1976's "Exposición Rural" in Palermo, Buenos Aires.

As Argentina's new president, Videla faced a collapsing economy racked by soaring inflation. He largely left economic policies in the hands of Minister José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz, who adopted a free trade and deregulatory economic policy.[41]

Martínez de Hoz took measures to restore economic growth, reversing Peronism in favour of a free market economy. Inflation rate decreased somewhat, but remained still high.[42]

He enjoyed the personal friendship of David Rockefeller, who facilitated Chase Manhattan Bank and International Monetary Fund loans of nearly US$1 billion after his arrival.[43]

He eliminated all price controls and the exchange controls regime. The black market and shortages disappeared.[44]

He freed exports (removed existing prohibitions and quotas and export taxes were repealed) and imports (removed existing prohibitions, quotas, and licenses and gradually reduced import tariffs).[45]

During his tenure, the foreign debt increased fourfold, and disparities between the upper and lower classes became much more pronounced.[46] The period ended in a tenfold devaluation and one of the worst financial crises in Argentine history.[47]

Foreign relations

[edit]
Main article: Beagle conflict
Videla met with US President Jimmy Carter at the White House on 9 September 1977.

The coup d'état had been planned since October 1975, and the United States Department of State learned of the preparations two months before its execution. Henry Kissinger would meet several times with Argentine Armed Forces leaders after the coup, urging them to destroy their opponents quickly before outcry over human rights abuses grew in the United States.[48][49][50]

The US State Department saw Argentina as a bulwark of anti-communism in South America and in early April 1976, the US Congress approved a request by the Ford Administration, written by Henry Kissinger, to grant $50,000,000 in security assistance to the junta. In 1977, the US Department of Defense authorized $700,000 to train 217 Argentine military officers and in 1977 and 1978 the United States sold more than $120,000,000 in spare military parts to Argentina.[51]

At the same time, though, the new US President Jimmy Carter highlighted issues of human rights and, in 1978, convinced Congress to cut off all US arms transfers to Argentina.[52]

During Videla's regime, Argentina rejected the binding Report and decision of the Court of Arbitration over the Beagle conflict (about possession of the Picton, Lennox and Nueva islands) at the southern tip of South America and started Operation Soberanía in order to invade the islands. In 1978, however, Pope John Paul II opened a mediation process. His representative, Antonio Samorè, successfully prevented full-scale war.

The conflict was not completely resolved until after Videla's time as president. Once democratic rule was restored in 1983, the Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina (Tratado de Paz y Amistad), which acknowledged Chilean sovereignty over the islands, was signed and ratified by popular referendum.

Although Videla was anti-Communist, his regime maintained good relations with the Soviet Union and China; trade ties with both were expanded under his rule.[53]

Public relations

[edit]

One of Videla's greatest challenges was his image abroad. He attributed criticism over human rights to an anti-Argentine campaign. On 19 May 1976, he attended a luncheon with a group of Argentine intellectuals, including Ernesto Sábato, Jorge Luis Borges, Horacio Esteban Ratti (president of the Argentine Writers Society) and Father Leonardo Castellani. The latter expressed to Videla his concern regarding the disappearance of another writer, Haroldo Conti.[54]

Bumper sticker commissioned by the junta in 1979. The text is a pun on derechos humanos, "human rights". "We Argentines are righteous and humane"

On 30 April 1977, Azucena Villaflor, along with 13 other women, started demonstrations on the Plaza de Mayo, in front of the Casa Rosada presidential palace, demanding to be told the whereabouts of their disappeared children. They became known as the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo (Madres de Plaza de Mayo).

During a human rights investigation in September 1979, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights denounced Videla's government, citing many disappearances and instances of abuse. In response, the junta hired the Burson-Marsteller ad agency to formulate a pithy comeback: Los argentinos somos derechos y humanos (Literally, "We the Argentines are righteous and humane"). The slogan was printed on 250,000 bumper stickers and distributed to motorists throughout Buenos Aires to create the appearance of a spontaneous support of pro-junta sentiment, at a cost of approximately $16,117.[55]

Videla used the 1978 FIFA World Cup for political purposes. He cited the enthusiasm of the Argentine fans for their victorious football team as evidence of his personal and the junta's popularity.[56]

In 1980, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, leader of the Peace and Justice Service, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for reporting many of Argentina's human rights violations to the world at large.

Later life and death

[edit]
Videla voting in the 1983 Argentine general election, which marked the restoration of democracy after the end of the Process.

Videla relinquished power to Roberto Viola on 29 March 1981. On April 7, 1982, Videla attended the swearing-in ceremony of general Mario Benjamín Menéndez as governor of the Malvinas Islands.[57] The military regime continued until it collapsed after losing the Falklands war in 1982. Democracy was restored in 1983.

The new government began prosecution of top-ranking officers for crimes committed during the dictatorship in what was called the Trial of the Juntas of 1985. Videla was convicted of numerous homicides, kidnapping, torture, and many other crimes. He was sentenced to life imprisonment and was discharged from the military in 1985.

Videla was imprisoned for five years. In 1990, President Carlos Menem pardoned Videla and many other imprisoned former members of the military regime. Menem also pardoned the leftist guerrilla commanders accused of terrorism. In a televised address to the nation, President Menem said, "I have signed the decrees so we may begin to rebuild the country in peace, in liberty and in justice ... We come from long and cruel confrontations. There was a wound to heal."[58]

Videla briefly returned to prison in 1998 when a judge found him guilty of the kidnapping of babies during the Dirty War, including the child of the desaparecida Silvia Quintela, and the disappearances of the commanders of the People's Revolutionary Army (ERP), Mario Roberto Santucho and Benito Urteaga.[59] Videla spent 38 days in the old part of the Caseros Prison. Due to health issues, he was later transferred to house arrest.[60][61]

Following the election of President Néstor Kirchner in 2003, there was a renewed widespread effort in Argentina to show the illegality of Videla's rule. The government no longer recognized Videla as having been a legal president of the country, and his portrait was removed from the military school. In 2003, Congress repealed the Ley de Punto Final, which had ended prosecutions for crimes under the dictatorship. In 2005, the Argentine Supreme Court ruled that the law had been unconstitutional. The government re-opened prosecution of crimes against humanity.

On 6 September 2006, Judge Norberto Oyarbide ruled that the pardons granted by President Menem were unconstitutional.[62] On 25 April 2007, a federal court struck down Videla's presidential pardon and restored his convictions for human rights abuses.[63]

He was put on trial on 2 July 2010 for new charges of human rights violations relating to the deaths of 31 prisoners who died under his rule.[6] Three days later, Videla took full responsibility for his army's actions during his rule, saying, "I accept the responsibility as the highest military authority during the internal war. My subordinates followed my orders."[5] On 22 December 2010, the trial ended, and Videla was convicted and sentenced to life in prison.[64] He was ordered to be transferred to a civilian prison immediately after the trial.[64] In handing down the sentence, judge María Elba Martínez said that Videla was "a manifestation of state terrorism."[65] During the trial, Videla had said that "yesterday's enemies are in power and from there, they are trying to establish a Marxist regime" in Argentina.[66]

On 5 July 2012, Videla was convicted and sentenced to 50 years' imprisonment for his participation in a scheme to steal babies from parents detained by the military regime. According to the court decision, Videla was an accomplice "in the crimes of theft, retention and hiding of minors, as well as replacing their identities."[67] The children were given to military families for illegal adoption, and their identities were hidden. An estimated 400 children were stolen during this period, often from mothers who gave birth in prison and who were later "disappeared." By June 2019, 130 of these adoptees had their identities restored.[68]

On 17 May 2013, Videla was reported as having died of natural causes in his sleep while serving his sentence at a Marcos Paz prison.[69][70] An autopsy revealed he died from multiple fractures and internal hemorrhaging caused by having slipped in a prison shower on 12 May.[71] According to a 2009 ruling by the military, he (and others convicted of human rights violations) were not eligible for a military funeral. A private ceremony was held by his family.[72]

Human rights organizations throughout the political compass denounced Videla, saying that he died without admitting that he was aware of the disappeared persons and kidnapped children. None of the tried ex-officers has provided details about the fate of those missing. Videla appeared mostly unrepentant for the actions against those whom he deemed terrorist subversives.[73]

Several Argentine politicians commented on his death. Deputy Ricardo Gil Lavedra of the Radical Civic Union said that Videla will be remembered as a dictator, while Hermes Binner expressed condolences to the victims of his government.[74] Hernán Lombardi, Minister of Culture of Buenos Aires city, praised Argentine democracy for having tried and sentenced the dictator.[74] Ricardo Alfonsín said it was good that Videla had died in prison.[75] Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Argentine recipient of the 1980 Nobel Peace Prize, said, "The death of Videla should not delight anybody, we have to keep working for a better society, more just, more humane, so that all that horror never happens again".[76]

Cabinet Chief Juan Manuel Abal Medina said that he was glad that, "Videla died prosecuted, sentenced and imprisoned in a common cell, repudiated by the Argentine people".[77] At the time of Videla's death he was one of two surviving dictators of Argentina. The last surviving president from the dictatorship, Reynaldo Bignone, died on 7 March 2018.

Videla remained a Roman Catholic until the end of his life.[78][79][80][81][82]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Una duda histórica: no se sabe cuántos son los desaparecidos". 6 October 2003.
  2. ^ "40 years later, the mothers of Argentina's 'disappeared' refuse to be silent". TheGuardian.com. 28 April 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  3. ^ a b "El exdictador Videla llama terroristas a las madres de los bebés robados en Argentina". Abc.es. 27 June 2012.
  4. ^ Rosario Gabino (10 October 2008). "Argentina: Videla a la cárcel". BBC News. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
  5. ^ a b "Argentina's Videla: 'Troops followed my orders' BBC news". Bbc.co.uk. 6 July 2010. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
  6. ^ a b Life sentence for ex-Argentina leader on Al Jazeera English 23 December 2010 (video)
  7. ^ Popper, Helen (22 December 2010). "Former Argentine dictator Videla jailed for life". Reuters. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
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  9. ^ "Videla murio golpe cabeza cuando resbalo-ducha", El Comericio
  10. ^ a b Seoane-Muleiro: El Dictador. Ed. Sudamericana (2001).
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  12. ^ Who's Who in Latin America: Part V, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay (in Spanish). Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0741-1.
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  15. ^ Unlike most other countries, in the Armed Forces of Argentina, the Army rank of Lieutenant General (Teniente General), the Navy rank of Admiral (Almirante) and the Air Force rank of Brigadier General are equal and approximate to three-star or four-star ranks. See Military ranks of Argentina.
  16. ^ J. Patrice McSherry. Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2005. p. 1. ISBN 0742536874
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  18. ^ "5 Policemen Dead In Argentina Violence" Times-Union (21 August 1975).
  19. ^ Wright, Thomas C. (2007). State Terrorism in Latin America: Chile, Argentina, and International Human Rights. Rowman and Littlefield. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-7425-3721-7.
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  25. ^ Alexander Mikaberidze (2013). Atrocities, Massacres, and War Crimes: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 28. ISBN 1598849255
  26. ^ "Alice Domon". en.gariwo.net.
  27. ^ Thomas C. Wright (2006). State Terrorism in Latin America: Chile, Argentina, and International Human Rights (Latin American Silhouettes). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 160. ISBN 0742537218
  28. ^ Calvin Sims (13 March 1995). Argentine Tells of Dumping 'Dirty War' Captives Into Sea. The New York Times. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  29. ^ Ed Stocker (27 November 2012). Victims of 'death flights': Drugged, dumped by aircraft – but not forgotten. The Independent. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
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  34. ^ (in Dutch) "Oud-dictator Videla: onder mijn bewind duizenden mensen vermoord," Volkskrant (14 April 2012)
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  36. ^ "Videla and the Jews of Argentina: The Closing of a Painful Circle". Haaretz. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  37. ^ "Jews targeted in Argentina's dirty war". The Guardian. 24 March 1999. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
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  45. ^ Lewis, Paul.The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism. University of North Carolina Press, 1990.
  46. ^ Argentina: From Insolvency to Growth, World Bank Press, 1993.
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  67. ^ "Abuelas presentó al nieto 130 | El video completo de la conferencia de prensa". PAGINA12. 13 June 2019.
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  69. ^ "Murió el ex dictador Jorge Rafael Videla (Spanish)". 17 May 2013. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  70. ^ "Videla murio golpe cabeza cuando resbaló en la ducha" (Videla died of a head injury when he slipped in the shower), El Comericio
  71. ^ "Jorge Rafael Videla no recibirá honores militares en su funeral" [Jorge Rafael Videla will not receive military honors at his funeral]. La Nación (in Spanish). 17 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  72. ^ [1][dead link‍]
  73. ^ a b "Los políticos hablan de la muerte de Jorge Rafael Videla" [Politicians talk about the death of Jorge Rafael Videla]. La Nación (in Spanish). 17 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  74. ^ "Ricardo Alfonsín sobre Jorge Rafael Videla: "En la Argentina hubo justicia"" [Ricardo Alfonsín about Jorge Rafael Videla: "In Argentina there was justice"]. La Nación (in Spanish). 17 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  75. ^ "Pérez Esquivel: "La muerte de Jorge Rafael Videla no debe alegrar a nadie"" [Pérez Esquivel: "The death of Jorge Rafael Videla should not delight anyone]. La Nación (in Spanish). 17 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  76. ^ "Videla murió juzgado, condenado y preso en una cárcel común" [Videla died prosecuted, sentenced and imprisoned in a common cell]. Télam (in Spanish). 17 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
  77. ^ "General Jorge Rafael Videla: Dictator who brought terror to Argentina". Independent.co.uk. 17 May 2013. Archived from the original on 14 June 2022.
  78. ^ "DefesaNet - America Latina - VIDELA - Epitáfio de um general". DefesaNet.com.br. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  79. ^ "Jornalista revela como o Pe. Bergoglio conseguiu a libertação de sacerdotes sequestrados pelos militares argentinos na ditadura". Acidigital.com. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  80. ^ "8 coisas que talvez você não saiba sobre delírios místicos de líderes latino-americanos". Oglobo.globo.com. 20 January 2019.
  81. ^ "In pictures: Jorge Rafael Videla". BBC News. 17 May 2013.
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Military offices
Preceded by Head of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Jul–Aug 1975 		Succeeded by
Preceded by General Commander of the Army
1975–1978 		Succeeded by
Roberto Eduardo Viola
as Commander-in-Chief of the Army
Political offices
Preceded by Governor of Tucumán
Aug–Dec 1974 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of Argentina
1976–1981 		Succeeded by
Sporting positions
Preceded by The person who opened the FIFA World Cup
1978 		Succeeded by
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